Explore in depth:
Data the government publishes across dozens of spreadsheets but never shows in one place.
Explore in depth:
The blue line (left axis) shows the total number of non-visitor visas granted each year. The red line (right axis) shows total returns. Note the different scales: arrivals are measured in hundreds of thousands, returns in tens of thousands. Even with both lines given their own scale, the trends tell the story: arrivals surged post-2021 while returns flatlined. Hover over any year to see the exact ratio.
Stacked view of visa grants by category. Work and study visas surged post-COVID, peaking in 2023 before government restrictions took effect. The "Other" category includes asylum, Ukraine schemes, and BN(O) Hong Kong visas.
Blue bars show how many foreign nationals from each country are in UK prisons. Red bars show how many were actually deported. Large gaps between the two indicate countries where deportation rates are low relative to the prison population.
Breakdown of all people who went through proceedings for sexual offences in the Metropolitan Police area.
How many times more court interpreter bookings each language has compared to its share of the UK population. A ratio of 53x (Albanian) means court demand is 53 times higher than what the population size would predict. Colour indicates trend: surging, rising, stable, declining.
What percentage of asylum claims from each nationality are granted protection. Yemen (94%) and Sudan (91%) have near-certain grant rates. India (1.4%) and Brazil (1.1%) are almost always refused. Colour: green = high grant rate, amber = medium, red = low.
The share of all births in England and Wales where the mother was born outside the UK. Rose from 24.1% in 2008 to a record 33.9% in 2024.
India overtook Romania as the most common non-UK country of birth for mothers in 2024, with 26,146 births (4.4% of all births).
Annual rough sleeping snapshot counts by nationality group. Non-EU rough sleepers have risen sharply since 2022. In 2025: 65% UK, 13% EU, 11% non-EU, 11% not known.
Blue bars (left axis) show total UK aid to each country since 2017. Red bars (right axis) show how many people were returned to that country in 2025. Hover to see the aid cost per person returned. Afghanistan received £1.84 billion in aid while 173 Afghans were deported. India received £538m while 2,720 Indians were returned.
Total people arriving in the UK via small boats crossing the English Channel. From 299 in 2018 to 45,755 in 2022 (peak). Dropped after the Albania returns agreement, then rose again.
People entering immigration removal centres each year vs those leaving. The gap shows the net change in the detained population. COVID caused a sharp drop in 2020.
Duration of detention for people leaving immigration detention in 2025. Most are released within a month. A small number are held for over a year.
Potential modern slavery victims referred to the National Referral Mechanism by nationality. Albanian nationals are the most referred, followed by Vietnamese and Eritrean. Exploitation types include criminal, labour, domestic servitude, and sexual exploitation.
Most removal attempts succeed. Where they fail, the main legal grounds are ECHR Articles 3 and 8 — covering risk of ill-treatment in the home country and the right to family life. Of 29 UK cases at the Strasbourg court since 1980, 16 ruled deportation was lawful; 13 blocked it. The far larger barrier is administrative: documentation failures, country cooperation refusals, and bail releases after detention.
These cases are drawn from published court records and parliamentary reporting. They represent a small fraction of all removal cases — most foreign national offenders who are subject to automatic deportation are removed. These cases illustrate the specific legal arguments used when removals are contested. All details are from court records or official reporting.
How many additional under-25 workers were added to UK payrolls between January 2020 and December 2025. Source: HMRC payroll data via CSJ analysis. This shows the change, not the total — the UK national workforce is far larger overall.
Number of 16–24 year olds in England classified as NEET. Reached 957,000 in October–December 2025, up approximately 200,000 since 2020. Government forecasts this could reach 1.25 million by 2030.
Long-term international net migration fell to 171,000 in the year to December 2025 — nearly halving from 331,000 the previous year. Total long-term immigration was 813,000. UK nationals had a net outflow of 136,000. Non-EU nationals: net +350,000. EU nationals: net −42,000.
Around 195,000 Britons under 35 emigrated in the year to mid-2025 — representing 76% of all UK emigrants. Those aged 20–29 leaving reached 130,000–140,000, up from 92,000–95,000 in 2018. Top destinations: Spain, Ireland, Australia, Canada, France, Portugal. Financial pressure is cited by 86% of respondents as the primary driver.